by Allen Best
Big Pivots
In the worst-case scenario, resort communities along the Interstate 70 corridor will become much hotter during coming decades.
And the best-case scenario? Warmer, inevitably, because of greenhouse gas emissions already in the atmosphere, but not nearly as much, and then tapering off after 2040 if emissions can be reduced dramatically.
These bookend conclusions apply to both Eagle and Summit counties in parallel studies released on Monday. The studies by the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization were commissioned by the two counties and, in the case of Summit County, two of its towns, Frisco and Breckenridge.
Eagle County Commissioner Kathy Chandler-Henry said nothing in the reports particularly surprised her. Previous climate studies have painted the picture broadly of what to expect. But the study—for which Eagle County paid $15,000—delivers a level of detail for the two counties not previously available.
As a child and young woman in Eagle, Chandler-Henry remembers many days of 30 below temperatures or colder. In summers, it often got into the 80’s, even the 90’s.
“But it never got to nearly 100 degrees, as it did in June,” she says.
By late in the 21st century, high summer temperatures could average 100 degrees at Eagle and highs of 106 could occur if the very worst scenario unfolds. Extreme was defined as 94 degrees in the study’s base period of 1970 to 1999.
That high-emissions scenario sees atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, now at 420 parts per million, hitting 600 ppm in coming decades. Scientists think this no-action scenario unlikely, partly because action is now underway, but they haven’t entirely discounted it.
The studies examine what may happen with three lesser levels of emissions. Even then, a typical year in the next two decades might resemble that of 2020, a notoriously warm year, but then continuing to warm through the 21st century, but less so than the extreme scenario.
And if the global community can pull actually slow the growth of emissions?
Bad news for a while, as continued warming is baked into the climate system by existing atmospheric pollution. The Avon-Edwards area, for example, is likely to be three degrees warmer in 2040 as compared to the baseline of 1970-1999. But taking dramatic action globally, the heating will level off.
In Summit County, the directions are the same, but the numbers are lower. Again, much depends upon whether the global community tames emissions and by how much. Again, hotter summers are in the cards. At the extreme, there would be 54 days in the Frisco-Breckenridge area by century’s end with temperatures above 80 degrees. That compares with only 4 days in the baseline period of 1970-1999.
Joshua Blanchard, a Summit County commissioner, says the study data “tell us our climate actions goals are important and that we need to accelerate them.” He called climate change a “threat to our way of life as well as our economy and our environment.”
Stephen Saunders, the lead author of the reports, says the takeaway message of the studies is the need for immediate and vigorous action to reduce emissions. “Unless we quickly and sharply reduce emissions, in about 20 years the mountains in will become unrecognizably and unacceptably hot,” he says.
Climate models for decades have struggled to replicate the rugged topography of Colorado and other mountainous areas in their computer modeling. Modeling has improved in the last decade, but the Gore and Tenmile ranges pose challenges that Kansas or Missouri, for example, do not.
Jeff Lukas, co-author of a major 2020 report called “Colorado River Basin Climate and Hydrology: State of the Science,” says the information in the new reports is not necessarily more accurate than previous, more broad-brush climate reports. However, the scenarios for the I-70 corridor are more accessible and thus more salient and actionable to decisions-makers, says Lukas, now a climate research consultant doing business as < href="https://lukasclimate.com/">Lukas Climate.
Torie Jarvis, who directs water quality and quantity planning for the Silverthorne-based Northwest Colorado Council of Governments, one of the sponsoring agencies of the two studies, says that sharper local focus will deliver that value of accessibility that even the report issued by the International Panel on Climate Change in August cannot.
“For me, I can visualize a very specific temperature, such as Frisco getting to 85 degrees for multiple months, more easily than reading about projections of an increase of 3 degrees in the next 50 years,” she says.
“From our perspective, for a recreational economy, including the impact of warming fisheries, this is a concern,” she says. This year’s higher temperatures, which forced some river segments to be closed, provide a glimpse of the future.
The two reports also examine precipitation, which climate models have more difficulty in predicting than temperature because they fail to do a good job of simulating monsoonal thunderstorms that drive much of Colorado’s summer precipitation. Still, the models generally agree that total annual precipitation amounts will increase somewhat, perhaps 10% or less. This is because warmer atmospheres have greater capacity to hold water.
.This increase in precipitation is most likely to occur during winter. One study scenario, for example, projects 7% more precipitation on Vail Mountain. Keep in mind that April temperatures rarely yield powdery snow. Expect mushy conditions more frequently through ski season.
More snow and rain do not necessarily translate into more water in creeks and reservoirs. Increased heat means more evaporation and transpiration – precisely the problem, overlapped with drought, that is causing conniptions in the Colorado River Basin altogether.
In Vail, that could be a problem for Gore Creek, which already struggles to maintain its status as a gold medal trout fishery, says Kristen Bertuglia, the town’s environmental sustainability director.
Bertuglia always points out another implication to increased warming. Already, air conditioning – something unthinkable in the 1970s – has become a must-have in new construction in Vail and the Eagle Valley. This may well cause a shift in electrical demand, making Vail more like Denver. Instead of peak electrical demand occurring on winter evenings, as now occurs, the peak demand may shift to summer afternoons.
To what value this information? Those involved say these studies will provide a strong case for taking action to both cut emissions and adapt to the changing climate.
“They help spur action,” says Boulder County Commissioner Matt Jones, who worked in the Summit County ski industry in the late 1970s, later becoming state legislator.
Boulder and Boulder County in 2016 also commissioned the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization to conduct a similar study. Susie Strife, director of sustainability, climate action and resilience for Boulder County, says the more localized analysis of future climate conditions has helped galvanize climate action. One indirect result was creation of an advocacy organization called Colorado Communities for Climate Action, which now has 38 local jurisdictions. The organization has become a reliable presence in testimony before legislative committees.
But high-profile mountain resort communities can have outsized influence. Consider the traffic roundabout that debuted on Thanksgiving 1995 in Vail. Such designs were rare then, which is why Vail struggled with whether to go ahead amid warnings of vehicular pandemonium. Instead, the roundaboiut was an immediate success that ended the 45-minute traffic backups that had plagued the town at times at the old four-way-stop intersection. Soon other communities near and far were building roundabouts, too.
Thinking foremost locally if also globally – hey, that’s why there are all those flags along the South Frontage Road —Vail is now studying how to tame the emissions from its snowmelt systems. The municipality has 13 acres of snowmelted areas in Vail Village, Lionshead, and other areas heated by the combustion of natural gas. It’s the single largest contribution to greenhouse emissions, even more than the town’s fleet of buses.
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